By Joke Kujenya
LIVES SHAPED by extreme mood shifts continue for an estimated 37 million people worldwide living with bipolar disorder, a condition marked by alternating episodes of elevated energy and deep depression.
JKNewsMedia.com reports that the mental health condition affects mood, energy, activity and thought, and is characterised by manic or hypomanic episodes alongside depressive periods.
It also remains one of the leading causes of disability globally, with wide ranging impact on relationships, work, school and daily life.
World Health Organization (WHO) global data shows that about 1 in 200 people are affected, including approximately 34 million adults.
The organisation said the condition is primarily observed among working-age individuals, although it also occurs in youth.
Prevalence among men and women is reported as approximately equal, though women are more often diagnosed.
WHO says access to treatment remains limited, with many individuals misdiagnosed or without care, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
Stigma and discrimination within communities and health services continue to restrict access, contributing to social exclusion and limiting opportunities for education, employment and housing.
Also, Bipolar disorder increases the risk of suicide and is linked with anxiety and substance use disorders.
The health organ said people living with the condition are more likely to smoke, consume alcohol and develop physical health conditions such as cardiovascular or respiratory disease.
On average, they die 13 years earlier than the general population.
Manic episodes are associated with elevated mood, increased energy, rapid speech, reduced need for sleep and risk-taking behaviour.
Individuals may also experience heightened self-esteem, distractibility and fixed beliefs that are not grounded in reality.
Also, depressive episodes involve persistent sadness, loss of interest in activities, low energy, poor concentration, disrupted sleep and thoughts of death or suicide.
These symptoms typically last most of the day, nearly every day, for at least two weeks, WHO informs.
It also said that some individuals experience hypomanic episodes, where similar symptoms occur but with less intensity and without significantly disrupting daily functioning.
Furthermore, Bipolar disorder is broadly categorised into two types based on patterns of manic, hypomanic and depressive episodes.
However, the exact cause remains unknown, with biological, psychological, social and structural factors identified as possible contributors.
Also, life events such as bereavement, violence or relationship breakdown may trigger or worsen symptoms, while alcohol and drug use can influence the course of the condition.
Despite recurring symptoms, recovery is possible with appropriate care.
Treatment options include medicines and psychological or psychosocial interventions tailored to individual needs.
JKNewsMedia.com reports that conversely, mood stabilisers and antipsychotic medicines are used to manage episodes of mania, while antidepressants may be combined with other treatments during depressive episodes.
Meanwhile, long term treatment may be required to prevent relapse.
WHO says psychological support, including cognitive behavioural therapy, interpersonal therapy and psychoeducation, can reduce depressive symptoms and lower the risk of recurrence.
Also, lifestyle measures such as regular sleep, physical activity, healthy diet and stress reduction also support recovery.
Finally, family support and structured interventions, including supported employment, housing and peer support, are identified as important in promoting social inclusion, independence and improved quality of life, the WHO asserts.
Key Facts:
Bipolar disorder is a chronic mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings, alternating between high-energy manic or hypomanic episodes and low-energy depressive episodes.
It causes significant disruptions to daily life, including sleep, energy, judgment, and relationships. Management typically involves lifelong medication (like mood stabilizers) and psychotherapy to control symptoms.
Symptoms are divided into two main types of episodes:
Manic Episodes (Highs): Euphoria, extreme energy, racing thoughts, fast talking, reduced need for sleep, risky behavior (e.g., reckless spending), and sometimes psychosis.
Depressive Episodes (Lows): Intense sadness, fatigue, hopelessness, loss of interest in activities, difficulty concentrating, and suicidal thoughts.
Mixed Episodes: Experiencing symptoms of both mania and depression simultaneously.
Types of Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar I Disorder: Defined by at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes.
Bipolar II Disorder: Defined by a pattern of depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes (a less severe form of mania), but never a full manic episode.
Cyclothymic Disorder: Involves periods of hypomanic symptoms and periods of depressive symptoms lasting for at least two years, but these are less severe than full mania or depression.
Causes and Risk Factors
Exact causes are not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a combination of factors:
Genetics: It often runs in families, suggesting a genetic link.
Brain Structure/Function: Imbalances in brain chemistry and neurotransmitters.
Environmental Factors: High stress, trauma, or childhood abuse can act as triggers.
Impact on Daily Life
Bipolar disorder can severely disrupt daily functioning, making it difficult to maintain relationships, perform at work, or attend school. The unpredictable nature of the mood swings can cause:
Strained personal relationships.
Irregular sleep patterns.
Financial problems due to reckless behavior during mania.
High rates of comorbid conditions like anxiety, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases.
Treatment and Management
Although it is a lifelong condition, effective treatment can help manage symptoms:
Medication: Mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants.
Psychotherapy: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and other talk therapies.
Lifestyle Changes: Maintaining a strict routine, regular exercise, and avoiding alcohol and drugs.
Credible sources: WHO & Psychiatry.org/Medscape/Mayo Clinic
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